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Chickenpox (Varicella)

Highly contagious viral infection causing itchy blisters and fever. Learn how it spreads, how long it's contagious, prevention and basic care.
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Quick facts

Overview

Chickenpox, caused by the varicella-zoster virus, usually begins with fever and an itchy rash that develops into fluid-filled blisters. It is very contagious — people can spread the virus for 1–2 days before the rash appears and remain contagious until all lesions have crusted over. While generally mild in children, adults and immunocompromised people face higher risks of complications such as pneumonia or severe skin infection. Management focuses on symptom relief, hydration, and preventing spread; antiviral medication may be recommended for higher-risk patients.
Vaccine prevents severe disease
Most common in children
Incubation 10–21 days
Contagious before rash appears
Skin allergy on a person's arm
Symptoms and course

What to Expect

Symptoms usually start with fever, tiredness, and general malaise, followed by the classic itchy rash. The rash typically progresses from red spots to raised bumps, then to fluid-filled blisters, and finally crusts and scabs. New spots can continue to appear over several days, so different stages of lesions may be present at once. In most healthy children the illness resolves in about a week to ten days. Adults, pregnant women, newborns, and people with weakened immune systems are at greater risk of severe disease and should seek medical advice early.
Father with son on his shoulders outdoor

Contagiousness

Spreads 1–2 days before rash until crusting.

Vaccination

Two-dose vaccine reduces severity and spread.

When to see a doctor

High fever, breathing issues, or confusion require care.
Contagion timeline

How Long Is It Contagious?

Chickenpox is contagious from about 1–2 days before the rash appears and remains so until all blisters have crusted over, typically around five to seven days after symptoms begin. Isolate affected people, especially from newborns, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals. Good hand hygiene and avoiding close contact reduce spread. If vaccinated, breakthrough infections tend to be milder and less contagious.

Key Points

Treatment for chickenpox is mainly supportive: keep the skin clean, trim nails to limit scratching, use cool compresses and antiseptic for itchy lesions, and give paracetamol for fever (avoid aspirin in children). Antiviral medications such as acyclovir may be prescribed for adults, pregnant women, newborns, or people with weakened immunity to reduce complications. Preventive vaccination is the most effective measure to lower incidence and severity. Seek urgent medical care if breathing becomes difficult, if the person is drowsy or confused, has severe pain, or develops signs of bacterial skin infection.
Incubation 10–21 days
Contagious before rash onset
Vaccine reduces severity
Isolate until all crusted

Frequently Asked Questions

Answers to common questions about transmission, prevention, and when to get help.
When is chickenpox contagious?
Contagious about 1–2 days before the rash appears and until all blisters have crusted over.
Can vaccinated people get chickenpox?
Yes, breakthrough infections occur but are usually milder and less contagious; vaccination greatly reduces severity and complications.
How is chickenpox treated?
Most cases need symptom relief—fever control, anti-itch measures, hydration. Antivirals may be used for high-risk patients.
When should I seek medical help?
Seek care for breathing problems, very high fever, severe headache, confusion, or rapidly spreading skin infection.
How can I prevent spreading chickenpox?
Isolate until crusting, practice hand hygiene, cover coughs, and ensure contacts are immunised if eligible.
Prevention and care

Prevention

Prevention centers on vaccination and sensible infection control. The varicella vaccine, given in two doses, greatly reduces the chance of catching chickenpox and lessens severity if infection occurs. For exposed, unvaccinated high-risk individuals, passive immunisation (varicella-zoster immune globulin) or antiviral prophylaxis may be considered by clinicians. Keep infected people away from school or daycare until lesions crust; clean surfaces and avoid sharing utensils. Pregnant women and immunocompromised contacts should consult healthcare providers immediately after exposure for tailored advice.
Male doctor holding a cotton on a boy's shoulders after a vaccination
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Premises GPhC No: 1119707
Superintendent Pharmacist: Sachin Kirit Shah (GPhC No. 2077567)
Company Reg: 06577514 
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